A Level Politics - Pressure Groups- Typologies of Pressure Groups

A Level Politics - Pressure Groups- Typologies of Pressure Groups

I. Defining Pressure Groups:

• Key Difference from Political Parties: Pressure groups aim to influence policymakers, not win elections. They don't nominate candidates but may support those aligned with their goals.

II. Typologies of Pressure Groups:

A. Based on Goals:

1. Promotional Groups (Cause Groups):
   • Definition: Advocate for a cause believed to benefit society; driven by altruism, not self-interest.
   • Examples: Greenpeace USA (environmental), Everytown for Gun Safety (gun control), ACLU (civil liberties).
2. Interest Groups (Sectional Groups):
   • Definition: Primarily defend and advance members' specific interests. Often described as "selfish," but may justify actions as being in the national interest.
   • Examples: Trade unions (AFL-CIO), business groups (US Chamber of Commerce), professional organizations (American Bar Association), social groups (NAACP), religious groups (Christian Coalition of America).
   • Note: Large corporations can also function as interest groups through lobbying and campaign contributions.
   • Important Note: The NRA serves as a crucial example highlighting the overlap between these categories. It acts as an interest group by protecting gun owners' rights but also as a promotional group by advocating for broader gun rights for all Americans. Many groups defy simple categorization.

B. Based on Relationship with Government:

1. Insider Groups:
   • Definition: Possess close ties to government or major political parties. May be well-funded, possess lobbying power, or hold specialized expertise.
   • Examples: American Medical Association, US Chamber of Commerce, NRA.
2. Outsider Groups:
   • Definition: Lack close government ties; influence policymakers through public pressure (marches, protests, etc.). Often anti-establishment.
   • Example: Climate Direct Action (used direct action, resulting in felony convictions and an "extremist" designation).

III. Key Concepts Summary Table:

Typology	Description	Examples
Promotional	Focus: Societal benefit; driven by altruism	Greenpeace USA, Everytown for Gun Safety, ACLU
Interest	Focus: Members' self-interest	AFL-CIO, US Chamber of Commerce, American Bar Association, NAACP, NRA
Insider	Close ties to government; uses lobbying, campaign contributions, expertise	American Medical Association, US Chamber of Commerce, NRA
Outsider	Lacks close ties to government; uses public pressure and direct action	Climate Direct Action

IV. Study Tips:

• Overlap: Remember that many groups blend characteristics of different typologies. Don't force groups into rigid categories.
• Examples: Understanding the specific examples cited is key to mastering this material. Review them carefully.
• Critical Thinking: Consider the implications of each typology. How do these different approaches to influencing policy affect the political system? What are the potential benefits and drawbacks of each approach?

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