A Level Politics - Comparing Electoral and Party Systems - Applying comparative theories to theoperation of the two-party systems

A Level Politics - Comparing Electoral and Party Systems - Applying comparative theories to the
operation of the two-party systems
Two-Party Systems: A Comparative Analysis
This guide summarizes the application of cultural, rational, and structural theories to understanding the dominance of two-party systems, primarily focusing on the UK and USA.
I. Core Concept: Two-Party Systems as Internal Coalitions

• Knowledge Check Answer 1: The main parties in the UK and USA are internal coalitions because they encompass diverse ideologies and interests within their ranks. They are not monolithic blocs but rather alliances of different factions striving for common electoral goals. This internal diversity is necessary to appeal to a broad electorate under a two-party system.
• Knowledge Check Answer 2: Opposition to electoral reform stems from the inherent advantage the two major parties enjoy under the current systems (FPTP/Majoritarian). Altering the electoral system would likely jeopardize their dominant positions and potentially empower third parties.

II. Theoretical Explanations for Two-Party Dominance:
A. Cultural Theory:

• Historical Precedent: Both the UK and US have long histories of two-party dominance. This cultural norm shapes voter expectations and party strategies. While the US exhibits a more consistent two-party system (with brief exceptions), the UK’s Westminster system has also predominantly featured two major parties. Periods of realignment (e.g., Labour's rise in the 1920s) highlight the enduring nature of this cultural norm.
• Institutional Reinforcement: Features like the formal recognition of an "Official Opposition" (UK) and Minority Leader (US) solidify the two-party structure, reinforcing the cultural expectation of a dominant two-party competition.

B. Rational Choice Theory:

• Broad Appeal: Major parties must adopt broad platforms to appeal to a wide range of voters, a necessity given their size and the nature of a two-party system. This necessitates compromise and coalition-building within the parties.
• Wasted Votes: Voting for third parties is often perceived as "wasting a vote" because these parties rarely win. This "wasted vote" phenomenon reinforces the two-party system, leading voters to strategically choose the "lesser of two evils" among the major parties. This makes two-party dominance a self-perpetuating cycle.

C. Structural Theory:

• Electoral System: Primarily majoritarian/first-past-the-post (FPTP) systems favor larger parties and disproportionately benefit the two major players. This structural feature significantly hinders the success of smaller, third parties.

III. Key Terms and Concepts:

• Internal Coalitions: The composition of major parties from diverse factions and interest groups.
• Party Realignment: Significant shifts in party allegiances and voter preferences.
• FPTP/Majoritarian Electoral System: A system where the candidate with the most votes in a single-member district wins.
• Wasted Vote: A vote cast for a candidate with little chance of winning, effectively diminishing its impact.

IV. Study Questions:

1. Compare and contrast the cultural factors contributing to two-party dominance in the UK and the USA. Identify any significant differences.
2. Explain how rational choice theory accounts for voter behavior within a two-party system. How does the concept of "wasted votes" reinforce the existing structure?
3. Analyze the role of the electoral system in shaping the structure of the two-party systems in both countries. How could electoral reform impact the balance of power?
4. Discuss the interplay between cultural, rational, and structural factors in maintaining two-party dominance. Are these factors mutually reinforcing?

By addressing these questions and reviewing the key concepts, you will have a strong understanding of the complexities and various perspectives on two-party systems.


To learn more about A Level Politics Click Here